Research and Innovation

This article is anchored in Labov’s (1966) language stratification theories and builds on the work of several authorsto explain why heritage language speakers in New York City perceive their variety of Spanish as being lessprestigious compared with the Spanish varieties imposed in formal/academic contexts. The methodologyused included an innovative matched-guise technique with rap followed by an interview. In the contextof Hip-Hop, the results suggest that the stigmatized vernacular variety becomes the prestige variety. Thesocial and educational significance of these findings is discussed. Furthermore, reflection on the researchmethods adopted in the study lends support to qualitative approaches for studying language attitudes.

Wajdi Mouawad's works are haunted by the war that devastated his native Lebanon, and by his subsequent exile. This article focuses on Littoral (1999), Visage retrouvé ( 2002) and Incendies (2003). By highlighting the central role of specters and graves, it argues that the burial of the dead is a quest for a long-lost past, a means to reclaim a piece of oneself and rebuild memory and history alike. Furthermore, it shows how Mouawad seeks, through theater, storytelling, and writing, to confront both the war, and the lack of a story about the war, the past, and origins.

Contemporary French & Francophone Studies, Dec. 2014, Vol. 18, Issue 5

Keywords: War; Narrative; Burial of the Dead; Specters; Storytelling; Theater

This book is the first monograph wholly devoted to the subject of non-normative masculine gender and male sexuality in Enlightenment Spain. It analyzes journalistic essays, poetry, and drama in order to show that Spanish authors employed satirical images of unconventional men to shape the national dialog on gender and sexuality. The first half of the book is devoted to studying the gendered and sexual problematic of the "petimetre," an effeminate, Francophile male stock character who figured a failed masculinity, a dubious sexuality, and an invasive French cultural presence in Spain. The study counters traditional scholarship on this figure, which has argued that the "petimetre" was a trope configured to assuage anxieties resulting only from gender-related issues, by positing that the character was also created to address concerns about sexuality. The second half of the book examines same-sex male desire, love, and erotica and argues that the "bujarrón," a man who had sexual relations with men, was normally portrayed in cultural discourse as a foreigner or clergyman as a tactical maneuver designed to heighten xenophobia and undermine Church power. The second part also re-evaluates the scholarly position on male relationships in pastoral poetry, maintaining that rather than depicting just friendships, some of the poetry evinced homoerotic desire and imitated Virgilian verse in style and theme. This study argues that it is within the Enlightenment rather than the post-Enlightenment period that modern day notions of masculine gender and sexuality were embedded into the fabric of Spanish society.

Language and money function metaphorically in similar ways; therefore, we tend to accept or reject the value of a coin or the coining of a word for very similar reasons. Benito-Vessels presents an overview of language-value and money-value in several historical time periods and specifically focuses on the early appreciation of language as an instrument of power in five medieval Spanish texts: Cantar de mio Cid, Bocados de oro, Tractado de amores de Arnalte y Lucenda, Sergas de Esplandián and Estoria de España. Through a close reading of these and other medieval and contemporary texts, the author demonstrates that the name of Beatriz de Suabia was considered of such value that it was misused as currency. Carmen Benito-Vessels is a Professor of Medieval Studies and History of the Spanish Language at the University of Maryland. She earned her M.A. in Romance Philology at the University of Salamanca (1977), she pursued postgraduate studies at the University of Lisbon (1977-79) and obtained her Ph.D. at the University of California-Santa Barbara (1988). Benito-Vessels is "Miembro Colaborador" of the North American Academy of the Spanish Language and she is the author and editor of several books and numerous articles, including: Juan Manuel: Escritura y recreación de la historia (1994); Women at Work in Spain. From the Middle Ages to Early Modern Times (1998); and La palabra en el tiempo de las letras. Una historia heterodoxa (2007).

« A la croisée des chemins, il peut y avoir l'autre » ("At the crossroads, we might meet the Other") is a comparative reading of the following works: Tideline (1999) by Wajdi Mouawad, Palestine (2007) by Hubert Haddad, and Verses of Forgiveness (1999) by Myriam Antaki. The works of these authors originated in the same region, the Mashrek (Middle East), and all carry the wounds of its geographical and identity conflicts. The Tideline, a space conducive to separation as well as reunion serves as a metaphor through which these works are analyzed. The paper demonstrates how these works are not only about a quest of the self, but also, more importantly, a pathway to the Other. It focuses on the essential place of literature in this region divided by identity conflicts and wars by demonstrating how literature becomes the space where these identities are best situated and described. Literature allows for a multiplicity of points of view that help bypass the confines of subjectivity and uniformity and best answer the question of identity in this region by including the point of view of the Other.

Contemporary French & Francophone Studies, Dec2013, Vol. 17, Issue 5

This paper analyzes the rhetorical strategies adopted by L1 speakers when negotiating and confirming arrangements in spoken Japanese institutional discourse. Previous research on language socialization (Ochs 1993), interactional expectations (Clyne 1996, Hohenstein 2005, Sugita 2004), genre knowledge (Berkenkotter and Huckin 1995, Mayes 2003) and L2 acquisition of Japanese discourse genres (Mayes 2003, Yoshimi 2008, Yotsukura 2005, 2008) has shown that L2 performance is influenced by L1 social and discourse-based identities and learners' familiarity with L1 interactional and rhetorical resources used to index a variety of discursive stances. Many of these recent studies have argued that L2 learners can benefit from genre-based instruction that illustrates situationally appropriate rhetorical strategies, including evidential markers of epistemic stance and politeness considerations. The data consist of excerpts from naturally occurring spoken conversations collected from a commercial site in Kansai, Japan. Of particular analytical interest are interactions in which complications arise and arrangements must consequently be renegotiated. The data demonstrate that reaching a consensus can involve extensive negotiation between the two speakers and the use of mitigating strategies to avert the potential face threats inherent in correcting an addressee's perception of a given situation. Common strategies utilized by participants are identified with an eye to introducing them in the L2 classroom through a genre-based approach.

El ilustrado historiador canario José de Viera y Clavijo se queja en el siglo XVIII de que las Islas Canarias hayan sido identificadas mayormente con América y hace un llamado a resituarlas, como corresponde a su proximidad, en África. En efecto, una serie de trabajos historiográficos, literarios y cartográficos de la temprana modernidad, al igual que un gran número de evaluaciones críticas más contemporáneas han enfatizado el papel histórico de Canarias en la carrera de Indias que las han dejado por lo tanto de espaldas a África. Este trabajo propone hacer un rastreo de este juego de localizaciones coloniales que responde a estrategias geopolíticas imperiales; estas evitan la identificación con el África musulmana o el África negra para por último reclamar que Las Canarias sí son África, siempre y cuando África sea la mítica Atlantis. Por ultimo, se explorará lo que estas construcciones literarias significan para el campo de los llamados estudios transatlánticos.

Estudios coloniales latinoamericanos en el siglo XXI: Nuevos itinerarios. Ed. Stephanie Kirk. Pittsburgh: IILI.

La alianza política y el romance entre Malinche y Cortés es un caso paradigmático que funciona como dispositivo de un mestizaje fundacional y tenso de marcada relevancia en la historia cultural y literaria de México. En este trabajo quiero retomar otras parejas emblemáticas del otro lado del Atlántico, Tenesoya y Maciot y la princesa Dacil y el Capitán Castillo, que tanto en la crónica, como en la poesía épica y el teatro se han construido de manera similar para sellar el destino político y la condición colonial de Lanzarote, Gran Canaria, Tenerife y las Islas Canarias en general. Al revisar las fuentes históricas y las tempranas apropiaciones literarias que se hacen eco de estos encuentros entre conquistadores y conquistados, buscamos desentrañar una penetrante ideología imperial que busca desasimilarse de la conquista americana, desligarse de la perturbadora África, mirarse étnica y políticamente en el espejo de Europa y enmascarar su colonialidad.

Modernidad, colonialidad y escritura en América Latina. Ed. María Jesús Benítez. Comp. Valeria Añón y Loreley El Jaber. Tucumán, Argentina: Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (EDUNT).

This book is the first monograph wholly devoted to the subject of non-normative masculine gender and male sexuality in Enlightenment Spain. It analyzes journalistic essays, poetry, and drama in order to show that Spanish authors employed satirical images of unconventional men to shape the national dialog on gender and sexuality. The first half of the book is devoted to studying the gendered and sexual problematic of the "petimetre," an effeminate, Francophile male stock character who figured a failed masculinity, a dubious sexuality, and an invasive French cultural presence in Spain. The study counters traditional scholarship on this figure, which has argued that the "petimetre" was a trope configured to assuage anxieties resulting only from gender-related issues, by positing that the character was also created to address concerns about sexuality. The second half of the book examines same-sex male desire, love, and erotica and argues that the "bujarrón," a man who had sexual relations with men, was normally portrayed in cultural discourse as a foreigner or clergyman as a tactical maneuver designed to heighten xenophobia and undermine Church power. The second part also re-evaluates the scholarly position on male relationships in pastoral poetry, maintaining that rather than depicting just friendships, some of the poetry evinced homoerotic desire and imitated Virgilian verse in style and theme. This study argues that it is within the Enlightenment rather than the post-Enlightenment period that modern day notions of masculine gender and sexuality were embedded into the fabric of Spanish society.

In late eighteenth-century Spanish discourse, moralists and satirists attempted to redress what they deemed a grave social issue: the loss of a masculine, virtuous visibility in men, especially in young, well-heeled males. In moralist essays, the petimetre became the quintessential trope for the idle, effeminate, aristocratic Spanish man. He was created as a literary figure to stand in marked contrast to the manly hombre de bien, who represented martial valor and heteronormative privacy. Juan Antonio Mercadal, author of El Duende Especulativo sobre la vida civil (1761), delved into the fray with, among other writings, his “Discurso Nueve.” In this essay, he names and describes a type of man whom he refers to as “hermaphrodita.” Like the petimetre, he is a queer male figure who transgresses the dimorphous gendered system. By employing the term “hermaphrodite,” Mercadal conjures up images of an intersex person who retained a monstrous, almost mythical reputation in the eighteenth century. This works to configure in the mind of the reading public a man whose sexuality is abhorrent in an era of hardening heteronormative sexual roles. Mercadal’s “hermaphrodita” has the look, the walk, and the talk of a woman but still seems to be of the male sex, according to Mercadal. In effect, the satirist is employing a coded word to invent a new reality: an intergendered male who challenges what it means to be a man or a woman. By utilizing a new term to identify and describe a male who is deemed problematic along gender and sexual lines, Mercadal delineates the narrowed parameters of what constitutes a “real” Spanish man. The unintended result of Mercadal’s essay is the creation of a new identity that brings together “ser” and “aparecer,” or reality and illusion. By creating the figure of the “hermaphrodita,” Mercadal engendered the very reality he wished to combat.